Human health demands quality environment, and environmental health depends on vast bioresources which have direct impact on human- well being. India in general and North Eastern Region of India in particular is mega biodiversity region habouring and home for large numbers of endemic vascular plants and animals. The population living in rural regions of India to a great extant depends on local bioresources. The North Eastern region of India has a rich and varied heritage of biodiversity as well as ethnic tribes. Bioresources of few areas of the region are still unexplored and hub of endemic species of plants, animals and micro-organisms. If the importance of our vast bioresources are being realized which can be used for income generation (Bio-economy) of rural India. Due to climate change, unsustainable exploration/collection and loss of forest cover our vast bioresources are depleting as never before. Taking stock of current research progress on rural bioresources will help in understanding the strengths of our bioresources which will lead to emerging of technologies that can respond to the dual challenges of exploiting bio- resources to raising economic levels while ensuring sustainable use. This version of the book presents some selected chapters covering different aspects of bioresource uses for sustainable livelihood of rural India.