Prime Minister Narendra Modi came to office in May 2014 calling for a robust response to national security issues. This volume aims to take stock of the Modi government's performance in the realm of national security across various policy domains and assesses the key issues which the new government will face after the 2019 parliamentary polls. It leads off from the principal challenges to India—long, disputed, and militarised borders with Pakistan and China and visible capability gaps vis-à-vis the ever-widening threat spectrum. It addresses India's ambitions as a maritime power and as the net security provider in the Indian Ocean. Budgetary constraints also mean that the armed forces will not be able to invest in technological solutions wholly to catapult India's war fighting capabilities. The government and the armed forces need to prepare themselves for these challenges. The volume also seeks to go beyond the traditional security framework and develop ideas around ‘new’ security challenges that confront India, including countering violent extremism online, environment, cyber and gender inclusivity.